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Reset Gnome Desktop on Ubuntu 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?

This article covers how To Reset Gnome Desktop Settings To Default. 


To Reset Gnome Desktop in Ubuntu 20.04, Fedora, & Other Linux:

1. First install Gnome Tweaks (if you don’t have it) from your system package manager. Then launch the tool, go to menu -> Reset to Defaults.

2. Ubuntu's default Settings offers a button on header-bar to reset all keyboard shortcuts.

3. And you can reset most Gnome database to default via dconf command. Simply open terminal and run:

$ dconf reset -f /org/gnome/

4. Some changes need a restart to apply.


To install Gnome Tweaks.

Run the command below:

$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaks

After running the command you'll need to restart the session (logout/login).

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Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver) Release

This article covers an overview about Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver). Also we covered in details the main features of this Ubuntu release.

The Ubuntu operating system's latest Long Term Support (LTS) release, Ubuntu 18.04 (Bionic Beaver), was released on April 26, 2018. 


To upgrade an Ubuntu system of version 16.04 or later to Ubuntu 18.04:

1. Back Up Your System.

2. Update Currently Installed Packages

Begin by updating the package list:

$ sudo apt-get update

3. Next, upgrade installed packages to their latest available versions:

$ sudo apt-get upgrade

4. Now, use the dist-upgrade command with apt-get, which will perform any additional upgrades that involve changing dependencies, adding or removing new packages as necessary.

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

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Upgrade Ubuntu 16.04 to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?

This article covers method to Upgrade Ubuntu 16.04 to Ubuntu 18.04. If you are still using Ubuntu version 16.04, you may want to consider updating to the latest Long Term Support release, version 18.04.


What does LTS or Long Term Support Release Mean?

A Long Term Support release or LTS release, means that Ubuntu will support the version for five years. 

If you are running a production environment, you will likely want to use a Long-Term Support version of your preferred server operating system.


What is New in Ubuntu Version 18.04:

1. Depending on when you installed Ubuntu version 16.04, the Linux kernel used would have been anywhere from version 4.4 to 4.10. Version 18.04 uses Linux kernel 4.15 at launch.

2. Linux kernel 4.5 now includes new features like CPU controller for the cgroup v2 interface, AMD secure memory encryption support, the latest MD driver with software RAID enhancements, and improved power management for systems with SATA Link Power Management.

3. The new kernel also includes some Ubuntu-specific updates, Linux security module stacking support, and the signing of POWER host and NV kernels is now supported.

18.04 does not install Python 2 default, and it updated Python version 3 to version 3.6.

4. Apache updates to version 2.4.29 and supports HTTP/2.

5. Nginx updates to version 1.14.0.

6. PHP updates from version 7.1 to 7.2.

7. The ifupdown network manager is removed on new installs and is deprecated. netplan.io is the new network configuration manager.

8. OpenSSH now refuses to use RSA keys smaller than 1024 bits. This command can report the length of a key.

ssh-keygen -l -f /path/to/key.pub

32-bit PowerPC support has been dropped.

9. The Subuquity server installer brings live sessions and fast installs of Ubuntu Desktop to server users.

10. Ubuntu 18.04 ships with LXD system container manager version 3.0. Version 3.0 of LXD allows for clustering of LXD servers, adds support of NVIDIA run-time pass-through, and lxd-p2c is a new tool that turns existing systems into LXD containers.


To Upgrade Ubuntu from 16.04 to 18.04:

1.  Create a backup of your environment.

2. Run the command below to update and upgrade the packages.

$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

3. To add the Update Manager to your server add command below to your terminal.

$ sudo apt install update-manager-core

4. Now that you have created a backup installed package updates and have the upgrade manager you are ready to upgrade Ubuntu.

$ sudo do-release-upgrade

5. To check what version of Ubuntu is currently installed use the command below.

$ lsb_release -a

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Install PHP On Ubuntu 18.04 | 16.04 - Step by Step Process ?

This article covers steps To Install Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack on Ubuntu Linux System. PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor, and it’s a script-based server-side programming language. PHP is often used to automate server tasks. It handles tasks like dynamic content, database requests, and processing and displaying data.

A "LAMP" stack is a group of open source software that is typically installed together to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps. 

This term is actually an acronym which represents the Linux operating system, with the Apache web server. 

The site data is stored in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.


To Install PHP 7.2 with Apache on Ubuntu:

1. Ensure you are using the latest Ubuntu updates by entering the following command into a terminal window:

$ apt-get update && apt-get upgrade

2. To install PHP 7.2, enter the following command:

$ sudo apt-get install php libapache2-mod-php

Confirm the installation by hitting Enter. The system will download and install PHP from the software repositories. This command also installs dependencies and modules for use with Apache.

3. Verify PHP was installed, with the command:

$ php -v

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Install and Configure Apache On Ubuntu 18.04 | 16.04 - Step by Step Process.

This article covers how to install an Apache web server on your Ubuntu 20.04 server.

Apache or Apache HTTP server is a free and open source web server, developed and maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.

Apache allows website developers to serve their content over the web. It serves as a delivery man by delivering files requested by users when they enter a domain name in their browser's address bar.


To Install Apache 2 on Ubuntu Linux:

1. You can download the latest version of a software by first updating the local package index of Ubuntu repositories. Open the Terminal and enter the following command in order to do so:

$ sudo apt update

2. Next, enter the following command as sudo in order to install Apache2 and its required dependencies:

$ sudo apt install apache2

You may be prompted with a y/n option to continue installation. Please enter Y, after which the installation procedure will begin.

3. When the installation is complete, you can check the version number and thus verify that Apache2 is indeed installed on your system by entering the following command:

$ apache2 -version


Apache Server Logs Location:

1. /var/log/apache2/access.log: By default, every request to your web server is recorded in this log file unless Apache is configured to do otherwise.

2. /var/log/apache2/error.log: By default, all errors are recorded in this file.

The LogLevel directive in the Apache configuration specifies how much detail the error logs will contain.

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Use Let's Encrypt To Secure Apache2 On Ubuntu - How to do it ?

This article covers method to Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu 20.04. Let's Encrypt is a certificate authority created by the Internet Security Research Group (ISRG).

It provides free SSL certificates via a fully automated process designed to eliminate manual certificate creation, validation, installation, and renewal.

Certificates issued by Let's Encrypt are valid for 90 days from the issue date and trusted by all major browsers today.


To install Certbot on Ubuntu:

Certbot is a command-line tool that automates the tasks for obtaining and renewing Let’s Encrypt SSL certificates. 

The certbot package is included in the default Ubuntu repositories. 

Update the packages list and install certbot using the following commands:

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install certbot

Before enabling the configuration files, make sure both mod_ssl and mod_headers are enabled by issuing:

$ sudo a2enmod ssl
$ sudo a2enmod headers

Next, enable the SSL configuration files by running the following commands:

$ sudo a2enconf letsencrypt
$ sudo a2enconf ssl-params

Enable the HTTP/2 module, which will make your sites faster and more robust:

$ sudo a2enmod http2

Reload the Apache configuration for changes to take effect:

$ sudo systemctl reload apache2

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